Science, Art and Technology in Islam
Science and art in Islam is a kesatupaduan (unity) between the apocalyptic and human creativity in developing the potential of the universe. The process of development and manifestation of the ability of all these peaks are always referred to as civilization. All these phenomena among the Islamic community in making this happen, as something unique to show that Islam itself is a part of the system of world civilization. Because in many ways, Islam has a doctrine that is always directed at all believers to realize the ability of each to the maximum extent possible in the cultural aspects. Like all pure Islamic art, whether it forms the mosque architecture, sya'ir-sya'ir allegorical Sufi, and so on until the forms and models of science development tools, astrobel, and so all boils down to as forms of devotion to the values -value godlike.
Thus, all forms of science and art of Islam as a whole was also manifest in the utilization of the facilities of the universe, which also indirectly it is from God Almighty. So that almost no space to explain that, various forms of science and art in Islam is secular or separate from the liability (the creator) to God the Creator and Supreme Master of all things "wa fauqo kulli Dzi 'ilmin' aliim" (Surah Yusuf ).
In his "Art and Cultur in the Islamic World" Oleg Grabor explained that science, art and culture of Islam clearly has a different style and characteristics of art and culture with other world the other, following a number of peculiarities and uniqueness. As well as Christian, Buddhist, Europe, China and so on. This is understandable, since all forms of art and culture and even science and technology is not simply born of the world that is empty or hollow, but it is a manifestation of the dialogue between the ideals and belief systems to the author (creator) it with the reality and demands that mengililinginya history.
Notwithstanding the foregoing does not mean that science and technology and art and Islamic culture at all without adopting their doctrines from the outside, maybe even some of the things that are technically almost entirely outside the doctrine set out from. Because the doctrines of Islam in general and more nuanced on something more universal, encouragement of progress, not to speak on matters of a technical nature. Therefore, Muslim scholars as the creator, has been taken and adopted out by elements of enthusiasm, then customize it with the concepts of Islam itself.
Art In Islam
Various images of the Koran that tell so much beauty, such as heaven, palaces and ancient religious buildings have been inspiring for other creators to make it happen in the present moment. Palace of the Prophet Sulayman, inspiring the birth places of the caliph or Muslim governments establish central authority, the court with a variety of "form and function facilities" on the habits of ordinary people. Even the hadith of the Prophet SAW said "Allah al-Jamiil yuhib al-jamal," has inspired a lot of things for the artist devoted Muslims to realize something that can be loved his Lord. Asma-Allah asthma, such as al-Jamiil the theologies greatly justify the creators of art to memanifestasikannya in many ways.
But on the other hand, the various restrictions the Prophet and the scholars them to paint and draw living things that animate / bersyahwat in realizing keindangan style rooms-though this text is not found directly in the al-Qur'an, their activities in realizing the idea of beauty, never loses direction. Creation and potential of their art, then diverted to various forms of Islamic calligraphy, with a characteristic pattern and are beautiful and intricate. They form a decorative pattern of the room, antiques such as glasses or jars, carpets, etc. with a variety of ornamental flowers or grown-timbuhan which is not considered a type of animal or human.
Specifically for certain rooms or places that are considered reliable, always diselipi or even raised the verses of the Koran, the hadith or the words of wisdom, the art of pattern writing (calligraphy), diwany, kuufy, riq ' y, naskhy, tsulusty, or others who are very beautiful. All of these are forms kesatupaduan between artistic values and spiritual values including inserts in general da'wah Islamiyah. Various interior design Muslims everywhere, whether religious buildings, palaces and public always show the charge was never empty of its inhabitants, especially in linking between himself and the owner of the entire room and the universe, Allah Rabb al-'alamin.
Including the architecture of places of worship such as mosques, small mosques, and places such hallowed tombs also not be separated from efforts to target their artistic creations. Islamic architecture which generally centered on a variety of building mosques in the Islamic world, always shows the values of spirit, and spirit of children at the time of the enthusiastic love of beauty. Even the great scholar Imam Shafi'i as the 8th century AD is very influential in the world of Sunni Islam, has always parallels between the religious spirit of community with other forms of bengunan mosque. Since the mosque is the heart of the people around him, if that use would jantungnyapun healthy healthy then, vice versa.
In order to beautify the mosque building, interior design patterns that have been described are found in almost every major mosques in the Islamic world, from the start in Cordova, Morocco, Egypt, Damascus, Medina, Mecca, Baghdad, Kuffah, arrived in India and mosques in the archipelago of Indonesia. Various forms of the mosque is a growing space generally followed the trends of local needs, but the main building always show the same pattern that is square, which is equipped with a niche that stands out the front of the priest. Another similarity is the existence of a historically Mihrab even appeared on the popular new Amawiyah Dynasty of Damascus, as a safe and respectable place for the preacher to give fatwas and advice of spiritual devotion of the congregation. Including swimming-pools or places as a means thaharah wudlu before they worship, are all available in every grand mosques in the Islamic world.
Actually, the central mosque of the Islamic world has always focused on three central shrine of Islam (the three pan-Islamic sanctuaries); Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, Mosque of al-Madinah Munawwaroh Masjid al-Aqsa and Palestine. All three not only have historical value in the apocalyptic doctrine and Islam, but also the characteristics and aesthetic values are quite high, which is hardly found shortcomings in the value and function of a sacred building.
Science and Technology in Islam
One of the greatest contributions of Islam to the modern world today, was bequeathed a number of theories about the universe of knowledge and ways of applying knowledge of it. In many ways, the relationship between knowledge (science) by means of applying it (technology) has been exemplified and tested by a number of Muslim scholars around the century, 9-13 AD. They not only sustained by the knowledge and experience, but also the abundant grace to get facilities from the government, especially in times of Abbasid glory in Baghdad.
Before the birth of technology, development of science before they get better, not just from the findings of their own, but they also get from a number of sources that originate not only from the doctrines of Islam only. Most knowledge about the laws of nature, geometry and mathematics, physics and science geometrika to style and weight of various objects, they get from the legacy of Greece, Persia, India and Egypt. Science knowledge they have mastered this first before developing the technology. Because of these sciences is as the basis for subsequent technology development.
The fundamental difference between science and technology is, science more talk about theories and knowledge about the kinds of objects both fundamental and universal, objective and systematic. While the technology is more practical, namely knowledge about ways to apply science to harness the knowledge of the universe for the welfare and the ease and convenience of mankind. Both are equally neutral for human life, both in terms of mere knowledge, as well as tools for their ease of living.
Some examples of Islamic science and technology, related to the heritage of Greek Hellenism is a philosophy, astronomy, physics, geometrika, chemical, mining and metallurgy, mathematics, medicine, agriculture, and so on. Islamic contributions in the field of mathematics has introduced the Indian number system, by introducing a new number zero (0) with a dot (.). It has been easier for the next calculation, even with a very long number klipatan. The first number is the writing of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizm (w.875 M), then Abul Hasan al-Uqlidisy (w.953), Omar Khayyam (w.1131). While the influence of Babylonian astronomy and India deeply felt, especially since diterjemahkanya treatise India, Siddhanta astrology kings since the year 711 AD in Baghdad. Abu al-Falaky Ma'syar al-Balkhy is among the most famous figures in making the predictions of astrology, his work, Kitab al-Uluf.
The most prominent field of physics is about optical theory developed by Ibn al-Haytham in his "Kitab al-Manadzir", al-Khaziny (d. 1040 AD) also parse the specific gravity in his "Book of Mizan al-Hikmah". Medicine in Islam they get a lot of Persian or Mesopotamia, India and others. Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razy (d. 925 AD) was a physician and author of the book is very well known treatment, also Ibn Sina by Al-Thib Qonun fi him. Both had already proved his mastery in terms of pharmaceutical and medical technology. And almost become a habit that experts are usually doubles in his profession, as well as philosophers, astronomers are also experts in pharmacy and medicine.
One example of the development of other technologies in Islam is the discovery of the application of the theories of physics in determining the direction of time by making the clock through a mechanism of motion (escapement) of mercury, which is made by al-Muradi in the 11th century AD Including Ridwan al-Jazary also makes hours of water motion in the gear-gear connected segmented and episiklus. Waterwheel to take water from the lower channel to be raised to a more over, has also been commonly used in Murcia Spain, and the example still serves until the 13th century AD
Thus the development of science, art and technology in Islamic culture are summarized in the form of Islamic society in his day. (Mcdens13)
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